Democracy Day: Nigerians Demand More than Elections –By Matthew Ma

“Democracy encompasses a wide array of principles and practices that extend far beyond the simple act of casting a ballot every four years. It is not just about having multiple political parties or ensuring a smooth transition of power following elections. True democracy involves an active and engaged citizenry, where individuals are informed about their rights and responsibilities and participate in public discourse.”

Each year, Nigeria observes Democracy Day on June 12, a date that holds significant meaning in the national consciousness. The celebration is typically vibrant, characterized by speeches, formal ceremonies, and thoughtful reflections on the country’s journey since its transition to civilian rule in 1999. Politicians and government officials gather to discuss the progress made since the dawn of democracy, acknowledging both achievements and ongoing challenges. Community leaders, activists, and citizens engage in dialogues that emphasize the importance of civic participation and the rule of law. Social media platforms are abuzz with activity as individuals and organizations share their insights into the nation’s experiences over the past two decades, highlighting central themes of accountability, transparency, and good governance. Many seize this opportunity to spotlight pressing issues that remain unresolved within the democratic framework, fostering a spirit of constructive dialogue. In cities and towns across Nigeria, citizens organize public forums, rallies, and peaceful protests to express their aspirations for a brighter future. As this year’s celebration approaches, we look forward to seeing politicians, technocrats, and various stakeholders engage on social media and in public forums to discuss the progress the nation has achieved over the past twenty years.

For the past 25 years, and particularly in the last two, Nigerians have navigated a complex landscape characterized by both hope and frustration concerning the future of their nation. This extended period has witnessed a notable decline across several critical sectors, including politics, the economy, and social dynamics, leaving many citizens uncertain about what the future holds. In the political sphere, the journey toward democracy has encountered numerous obstacles. Nigerians have consistently struggled with the pervasive corruption that undermines public trust in government institutions. Additionally, electoral malpractice has frequently tainted the democratic process, casting doubt on the legitimacy of elected officials. The lack of accountability among those in power has further intensified feelings of disillusionment within the populace. For this reason, many Nigerians, who initially held high hopes for transformative leadership capable of promoting good governance and driving meaningful change, have often been met with unfulfilled promises. As a result, a growing skepticism has emerged regarding the integrity and effectiveness of the political landscape.

Economically, Nigeria has faced a series of significant challenges that have impeded its growth and development. A primary concern is the volatility of oil prices, especially given that oil exports constitute a substantial portion of the nation’s revenue. The fluctuations in global oil prices have strained government budgets, limiting investments in vital sectors such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure. In addition to the volatility of oil revenues, the country has faced persistently high inflation rates, which have reduced the purchasing power of its citizens. This inflation has made essential goods and services less affordable, pushing many families into financial difficulty. As a result, the standard of living for many people has declined, making it more challenging for individuals to meet their basic needs. Unemployment has significantly increased across Nigeria, especially among the youth. The job market is struggling to absorb the growing number of graduates and young workers, leaving many without stable employment opportunities. This rising despair among young adults has created a cycle of frustration and disillusionment, making it challenging for them to envision a hopeful future. As businesses face economic challenges, many are struggling to thrive. Small and medium-sized enterprises, which play a crucial role in job creation, have been particularly affected by limited access to financing, inadequate infrastructure, and unpredictable market conditions. This unfavorable environment discourages investment and entrepreneurial initiatives, both of which are essential for economic recovery and growth.

Socially, the nation’s landscape is marked by a complex interplay of diverse ethnic and religious groups, each with its own unique history and cultural identity. As these groups strive to coexist, they often experience increasing tension rooted in historical grievances, competition for resources, and differing worldviews. These deep-seated tensions have, on numerous occasions, erupted into violent confrontations and civil unrest. Clashes between rival groups—often arising from disputes over land, rights, or cultural expression—have resulted in significant casualties and left communities traumatized. Such incidents contribute to a troubling cycle of fear and distrust, where individuals remain wary of their neighbors and reluctant to engage in dialogue, thus further entrenching societal divisions and perpetuating instability. The repercussions of this conflict extend far beyond the immediate instances of violence. Social cohesion is significantly eroded, resulting in fractured community bonds that once thrived on mutual respect and cooperation. Economic development is hindered as instability deters investment and entrepreneurship, both of which are vital for job creation and overall prosperity. In an environment where safety is questioned, businesses may struggle, and the workforce becomes increasingly divided. Furthermore, the prevailing climate of unease provides a breeding ground for the spread of misinformation and propaganda. During periods of heightened tension, rumors and false narratives can circulate rapidly, exacerbating animosities between groups. The propagation of misleading information not only polarizes communities but also shapes public perception and influences policy decisions, complicating efforts toward peace and reconciliation on a national scale. The consequences of these tensions are evident not only at the local level but also reverberate throughout national relations. The failure to promote understanding and collaboration among diverse groups undermines the potential for a harmonious society, complicating efforts aimed at achieving lasting peace and stability. As the nation confronts these challenges, the importance of concerted initiatives focused on dialogue, education, and community building becomes increasingly vital in breaking the cycle of conflict and cultivating a united future.

Upon assuming office, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu launched an ambitious agenda of economic reforms aimed at transforming Nigeria’s financial landscape. One of the most significant changes he instituted was the removal of longstanding fuel subsidies, a decision that sparked intense debate and divided opinions nationwide. The elimination of these subsidies led to substantial increases in fuel prices, which had a ripple effect throughout various sectors of the economy. Transportation costs surged as public transport operators and logistics companies adjusted their pricing structures to accommodate the rising expenses. Consequently, businesses across diverse industries—from manufacturing to agriculture—faced higher operational costs, further intensifying the challenges encountered by local producers and service providers. Consumers experienced the impact of this policy shift almost immediately, as the prices of everyday goods and services skyrocketed, sparking growing concerns about the overall cost of living. The atmosphere became charged with discussions surrounding economic inequality, as the removal of subsidies disproportionately affected low-income families who relied on affordable fuel for their daily commutes and essential activities. Proponents of the reform argued that eliminating the subsidies was a necessary step towards achieving fiscal sustainability, suggesting that such measures could foster a more stable and resilient economy. However, critics raised serious concerns about the immediate and palpable hardships faced by Nigerians, questioning whether the long-term benefits of these reforms would justify the short-term pain. This debate highlighted a crucial tension within Nigeria’s economic policy landscape as stakeholders grappled with the need for reform against the pressing realities faced by citizens struggling with rising costs. In addition to its various economic initiatives, the government took critical steps to unify the currency system, aiming to enhance the stability of the naira. This move was to reduce exchange rate volatility and bolster investor confidence in the national economy. At the same time, the government introduced a series of ambitious tax restructuring measures designed not only to simplify the tax code but also to broaden the tax base. The goal of these implementations was to increase government revenues. However, for a significant portion of the Nigerian population, these sweeping economic changes have led to increased hardships rather than relief. Prices for essential goods, including food, fuel, and transportation, have surged, placing immense financial strain on households. Many families are struggling to make ends meet as the cost of living continues to rise.

Nigeria is currently grappling with a significant and multifaceted challenge marked by alarmingly high unemployment rates that impact millions of individuals and families who lack access to stable sources of income and meaningful employment opportunities. This persistent economic hardship is not an isolated issue; it is compounded by an ongoing security crisis that has witnessed a troubling increase in violence and instability across various regions of the country. The consequences of this crisis are profound, as communities are disrupted and daily life is increasingly marked by fear and uncertainty. The intertwining of unemployment and pervasive insecurity creates a dire situation where individuals not only struggle to find work but also face the challenges associated with living in unstable environments. As businesses close due to safety concerns and investment declines, the cycle of unemployment deepens, resulting in escalating economic despair and social unrest. Various threats to personal safety and property frequently disrupt daily life in many regions of Nigeria. In Benue State, for example, the environment not only causes immediate distress but also significantly hampers communities’ pursuit of stable employment opportunities, achievement of educational goals, and maintenance of overall well-being. The consequences of violent incidents extend beyond immediate physical dangers; the tragic loss of life due to clashes with herders inflicts profound grief and emotional turmoil on communities. Families and friends of victims are left to grapple with devastating losses, which result in lasting psychological effects. As ordinary Nigerians navigate their daily lives, they face the formidable challenge of balancing their fears with the necessity of engaging in work or education. Further complicating these challenges are recent significant policy changes aimed at bolstering security and stability. Unfortunately, these measures have yet to produce the anticipated positive outcomes, leaving individuals feeling increasingly frustrated and vulnerable. Consequently, many Nigerians find themselves ensnared in a cycle of uncertainty, struggling to adapt to a rapidly changing landscape characterized by instability and fear.

As we mark democracy day, an increasing number of Nigerians are questioning whether their voices are truly being heard and valued by their government. The End Bad Governance protests of 2024 serve as a striking example of this shift in public sentiment, with large-scale demonstrations rallying diverse groups of citizens frustrated by ongoing corruption, mismanagement, and pervasive inequality. In conjunction with these protests, labor strikes demanding fair wages and improved working conditions have emerged across various sectors, underscoring the urgent need for reforms to address the economic hardships many are facing. Furthermore, youth-led movements—both in the digital realm and in physical spaces—have emerged as influential platforms for advocating change, highlighting a dynamic, tech-savvy generation that refuses to be silenced. These young activists are harnessing social media to organize, communicate their messages, and foster solidarity among their peers, signifying a notable shift in civic engagement. As citizens unite to voice their increasing dissatisfaction, they express a deep yearning for a government that actively listens to their concerns rather than simply enforcing rules. They seek institutions that prioritize the protection and support of vulnerable members of society rather than implementing punitive measures that exacerbate existing inequalities. Additionally, the populace desires an inclusive framework of prosperity, ensuring that economic growth and opportunities are available to all segments of society rather than being concentrated solely among the wealthy elite. This collective voice reflects a call for a more equitable system that prioritizes the interests of the many over the privileges of the few.

Amidst the vibrant celebrations and inspiring speeches that define this ceremonial day, a deeper and more pressing reality is emerging within Nigerian society: Nigerians are becoming increasingly restless with the superficiality of political discourse and the repetitive nature of electoral participation. Nigerians across the nation are demanding a governance model that is not only strong but also truly effective in addressing their most urgent needs and aspirations. This growing discontent underscores a widespread demand for accountability and transparency within government institutions, indicating a significant shift in public awareness among the electorate. Nigerians are increasingly recognizing that democracy involves more than merely transitioning leadership every eight years; it necessitates continuous, active participation and engagement between the government and its citizens. This encompasses not only the fulfillment of electoral promises but also the provision of essential services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, which have a profound impact on the lives of the populace. In commemorating this pivotal day in our history, it is essential to recognize that the aspirations for a government that is equitable, responsive, and attentive to the needs of all its citizens are now deeply ingrained in the public consciousness. The yearning for meaningful change is palpable, placing a significant responsibility on leaders to rise to the occasion and ensure that their actions align with the hopes and expectations of the people they serve.

As we gather to commemorate Democracy Day, a growing number of Nigerians are raising critical questions about the nature of our political system: Are we truly a democratic state? While it is accurate to classify Nigeria as a democratic state on paper, the reality is more complex. In practice, our democracy often resembles a flawed or fragile system that exhibits authoritarian tendencies. This dissonance raises concerns among citizens, as many feel increasingly alienated from the political process. The principles of democracy—such as robust citizen participation and accountability—seem to lack urgency and sincerity in our governance. For many Nigerians, democracy appears more like an ideal rather than a lived experience, characterized by a lack of genuine representation and robust engagement from the electorate. There is a palpable sense of disenfranchisement, as people often perceive that their voices are not heard or valued in the decision-making processes that affect their lives. The need for meaningful reforms that enhance transparency, accountability, and civic participation has never been more pressing if we are to transform our democracy into one that genuinely serves the interests of all its citizens.

Democracy encompasses a wide array of principles and practices that extend far beyond the simple act of casting a ballot every four years. It is not just about having multiple political parties or ensuring a smooth transition of power following elections. True democracy involves an active and engaged citizenry, where individuals are informed about their rights and responsibilities and participate in public discourse. It requires institutions that uphold the rule of law, protect fundamental freedoms, and guarantee equal representation. Moreover, democracy thrives on transparency, accountability, and the flourishing of civil society, allowing diverse voices to be heard and considered in decision-making processes. This rich tapestry of ideals ensures that governance reflects the will of the people, fostering a society that values participation, dialogue, and a commitment to the common good. Despite two decades of continuous democratic governance, Nigeria’s political culture remains surprisingly superficial in several critical areas. While the fundamental structures of democracy—such as elections, political parties, and legislative bodies—are ostensibly in place, the true essence and spirit of democracy continue to struggle for a solid foundation among the populace. Rather than cultivating a politically aware and actively engaged citizenry, Nigeria’s political system often fosters feelings of resignation and fear, leading to a transactional form of loyalty among voters. As a result, many Nigerians feel disenfranchised or disconnected from the political process, with a widespread belief that their votes and voices carry little influence in bringing about meaningful change.

While we often characterize our nation as a democratic state, national discourse is frequently swayed by superficial sound bites, tribal affiliations, and the cult of personality. This tendency overshadows substantive discussions grounded in policy analysis and critical issues. Our political debates tend to devolve into sensationalism, resembling gossip more than informed governance, which undermines the potential for constructive engagement and thoughtful dialogue essential for shaping the nation’s future. This environment stifles the development of an informed electorate capable of holding leaders accountable and participating meaningfully in the democratic process. Elections occur, new leaders are inaugurated amidst grand celebrations, and the nation observes Democracy Day with much fanfare. However, what follows in the aftermath? Regrettably, the initial enthusiasm often gives way to a disconcerting reality where rituals overshadow genuine reform, and ceremonial events eclipse meaningful citizen engagement and service. The fervent promises made during campaigns frequently dissipate into mere rhetoric, seldom translating into actionable steps or accountability. As time progresses, the same cycles of disillusionment repeat, seemingly without repercussions for those in power. Individuals who dare to question or challenge the entrenched status quo—be they investigative journalists shining a light on corruption, activists advocating for social justice, or concerned citizens demanding transparency—often face hostility. They may be silenced through intimidation, ridiculed in public forums, or unjustly labeled as threats to progress. This creates an atmosphere of fear and suppression, stifling the very discourse necessary for a healthy democracy to thrive.

The challenge we encounter is how to transition from a superficial democracy to one that is vibrant and robust. To facilitate this transformation, it is crucial to deliberately cultivate a culture of questioning and accountability among all participants in the democratic process. Encouraging a culture of inquiry begins with motivating citizens to critically assess policies, decisions, and the actions of public officials. To promote active engagement, it is essential to foster an environment where citizens feel empowered to question their elected representatives about their commitment to serving the public good. This involves holding any elected official accountable, regardless of their background or affiliation. In a genuine democracy, questioning our leaders is a fundamental right, not a betrayal of loyalty. When this right is stifled by an “Emilokan” mindset—where it’s perceived as “It’s my turn, so don’t question me”—it reflects a significant misunderstanding of democratic leadership. In a true democracy, holding leaders accountable is not an act of rebellion; rather, it is a rightful expectation. Every elected official, regardless of their past, must earn the trust of the people daily. Leadership is not a birthright, a reward, or a simple “turn” — it is a responsibility rooted in accountability. The “Emilokan mentality,” which posits that one is owed power due to past favors, corrupts this democratic ideal. It implies that once in office, leaders are exempt from scrutiny and that questioning them equates to disloyalty or ingratitude. However, that is not democracy; it is entitlement. True democracy encourages questions, embraces dissent, and flourishes through public debate. Leaders must welcome critique rather than silence it. The populace does not owe blind allegiance; they owe their country their sincere voices. Therefore, when citizens pose challenging questions about the economy, insecurity, corruption, or governance failures, they are not undermining democracy—they are actively practicing it. Any system that punishes or dissuades such questioning under the guise of “It’s my turn” is not a democracy; it is a fragile illusion of one.

As we celebrate Democracy Day, it is vital to reflect on an important question: What significance does June 12 hold in the evolution and reinforcement of democracy in Nigeria? This date serves as a poignant reminder of the aborted 1993 presidential election, where the late Moshood Kashimawo Abiola was widely recognized as the presumed winner. June 12 not only marks a critical moment in Nigeria’s political history but also encapsulates the ongoing struggle for democratic ideals, which are intrinsically linked to the pursuit of dignity and respect for every citizen. Abiola’s campaign resonated deeply, emerging as a beacon of hope for many Nigerians who yearned for meaningful change and an authentic voice in their governance. His vision inspired countless individuals who envisioned a future defined by fairness, accountability, and genuine participation in the democratic process. As we commemorate this significant occasion, it is essential to acknowledge that the aspirations of Nigerians extend far beyond mere rhetoric; they demand tangible results that fulfill the promises made during that historic campaign. The people’s call for change is not just a request for political dialogue; it is an urgent plea for real, substantive outcomes that enhance their lives and uphold their dignity as citizens.

In a genuine democracy, the responsibilities of citizenship extend far beyond merely casting a vote during elections; they demand ongoing engagement in civic discourse and a steadfast commitment to holding our leaders accountable for their actions. This also entails advocating for the rights and dignity of every individual within our society, ensuring that no voice goes unheard or underrepresented. Let us seize this opportunity to recommit ourselves to a deeper and more nuanced practice of democracy. This requires not only upholding the principles of democratic governance but also taking concrete steps to bring those ideals to life in a meaningful and impactful way for all Nigerians. We must strive to foster a society where every citizen feels empowered to engage in discussions that shape our collective future, where their rights are protected, and where the diversity of thought and opinion is celebrated as a strength rather than a source of division. In doing so, we can work towards realizing a democracy that truly reflects and serves the needs of every individual in our nation.

Rev. Ma, S. J., is a Jesuit Catholic priest of the North West Africa Province of the Society of Jesus. He currently writes from the Guardian Angel Catholic Police Chapel Lugbe, Abuja, Nigeria.